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Antonin RICHARD

  • Laboratoire GeoRessources
  • Maitre de conférences
  • Tutelle de rattachement : Université de Lorraine
  • Adresse professionnelle : FST - Bur A609
  • Email : antonin.richard@univ-lorraine.fr
  • Téléphone : 03 83 68 47 37
  • Equipe : AXE MATIERES PREMIERES - Ressources minérales

Thématiques de recherche

Fluides géologiques

Ressources minérales

Publications

Get full-text articles from here:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonin_Richard

https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/AntoninRichard

See also:

https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=M8_ScCkAAAAJ&hl=fr

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-2091-2011

 

[24] Camprubí A., González-Partida E., Richard A., Boiron MC, González-Ruiz LE., Aguilar-Ramírez CF., Fuentes-Guzmán E., González-Ruiz D., Legouix C (2019). MVT-like fluorite deposits and Oligocene magmatic-hydrothermal fluorite–Be–U–Mo–P–V overprints in northern Coahuila, Mexico. Minerals 9, 58, doi: 10.3390/min9010058.

[23] Vigneresse J.L., Truche L., Richard A. (2019). How do metals escape from magmas to form porphyry-type ore deposits? Ore Geology Reviews 105, 310-336, doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.12.016.

[22] Legros H., Richard A., Tarantola A., Kouzmanov K., Mercadier J., Vennemann T., Marignac C., Cuney M., Wang R.C., Charles N., Bailly L., Lespinasse, M.Y. (2019). Multiple fluids involved in granite-related W-Sn deposits from the world-class Jiangxi Province (China). Chemical Geology,  in press, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.11.021.

[21] Richard A., Morlot C., Créon L., Beaudoin N., Balistky V.S., Pentelei S., Dyja-Person V., Giuliani G., Pignatelli I., Legros H., Sterpenich J., Pironon J. (2019). Advances in 3D imaging and volumetric reconstruction of fluid and melt inclusions by high resolution X-ray computed tomography. Chemical Geology, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.012.

[20] Dyja-Person V., Tarantola A., Richard A., Hibsch C., Siebenaller L., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M., Boulvais P. (2018). Metamorphic brines and no surficial fluids trapped in the detachment footwall of a Metamorphic Core Complex (Nevado-Filábride units, Betics, Spain). Tectonophysics 727, 56-72, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.02.001.

[19] Richard A., Banks D.A., Hendriksson N., Lahaye Y. (2018). Lithium isotopes in fluid inclusions as tracers of crustal fluids: An exploratory study. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 184, 158-166, doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.10.017.

[18] Legros H., Marignac C., Tabary T., Mercadier J., Richard A., Cuney M., Wang R.C., Charles N., Lespinasse, M.Y. (2018). The ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal system of the Piaotang W-Sn deposit (Jiangxi, China) as seen from Li-mica geochemistry. American Mineralogist 103, 39-54, doi: 10.2138/am-2018-6196.

[17] Richard A. (2017). Radiolytic (H2, O2) and other trace gases (CO2, CH4, C2H6, N2) in fluid inclusions from unconformity-related U deposits. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17, 273-276, doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.053.

[16] Legros H., Marignac C., Mercadier J., Cuney M., Richard A., Wang R.C., Lespinasse M.Y. (2016). Detailed paragenesis and Li-mica compositions as recorders of the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the Maoping W-Sn deposit (Jiangxi, China). Lithos 264, 108-124, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2016.08.022.

[15] Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Mercadier J., Banks D.A., Cuney M. (2016). Metal-rich fluid inclusions provide new insights into unconformity-related U deposits (Athabasca Basin and Basement, Canada). Mineralium Deposita 51, 249-270, doi: 10.1007/s00126-015-0601-4.

[14] Richard A., Montel J.M., Leborgne R., Peiffert C., Cuney M., Cathelineau M. (2015). Monazite alteration in H2O±HCl±NaCl±CaCl2 fluids at 150 ºC and psat: implications for uranium deposits. Minerals 5, 693-706, doi:10.3390/min5040518.

[13] Harlaux M., Borovinskaya O., Frick D.A., Tabersky D., Gschwind S., Richard A., Günther D., Mercadier J. (2015). Capabilities of sequential and quasi-simultaneous LA-ICPMS for the multi-element analysis of small quantity of liquids (pl to nl): insights from fluid inclusion analysis. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, 1945-1969, doi: 10.1039/C5JA00111K.

[12] Richard A., Kendrick M.A., Cathelineau M. (2014). Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe) and halogens (Cl, Br, I) in fluid inclusions from the Athabasca Basin (Canada): Implications for unconformity-related U deposits. Precambrian Research 247, 110-125, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2014.03.020.

[11] Eglinger A., Ferraina C., Tarantola A., André-Mayer A.S., Vanderhaeghe O., Boiron M.C., Dubessy J., Richard A., Brouand M. (2014). Hypersaline fluids generated by high-grade metamorphism of evaporites: fluid inclusion study of uranium occurrences in the Western Zambian Copperbelt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 167:967, doi: 10.1007/s00410-014-0967-9.

[10] Richard A., Boulvais P., Mercadier J., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M., France-Lanord C. (2013). From evaporated seawater to uranium-mineralizing brines: Isotopic and trace element study of quartz-dolomite veins in the Athabasca system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 113, 38-59, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.03.009.

[9] Richard A., Cauzid J., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Mercadier J., Cuney M. (2013). Synchrotron-XRF and XANES investigation of uranium speciation and element distribution in fluid inclusions from unconformity-related uranium deposits. Geofluids 13, 101-111, doi: 10.1111/gfl.12009v.

[8] Leisen M., Boiron M.C., Richard A., Dubessy J. (2012). Determination of Cl and Br concentrations in individual fluid inclusions by combining microthermometry and LA-ICPMS analysis: Implications for the origin of salinity in crustal fluids. Chemical Geology, 330-331, 197-206, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.003.

[7] Mercadier J., Richard A., Cathelineau M. (2012). Boron and magnesium-rich marine brines at the origin of giant unconformity-related uranium deposits: δ11B evidence from Mg-tourmalines, Geology 40, 231-234, doi: 10.1130/G32509.1.

[6] Richard A., Rozsypal C., Mercadier J., Banks D.A., Cuney M., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M. (2012). Giant uranium deposits formed from exceptionally uranium-rich acidic brines. Nature Geoscience 5, 142-46, doi: 10.1038/NGEO1338.

[5] Mercadier J., Cuney M., Lach P., Boiron M.C., Bonhoure J., Richard A., Leisen M., Kister P. (2011). Origin of uranium deposits revealed by their rare earth element signature. Terra Nova 23, 264-269, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2011.01008.x.

[4] Richard A., Banks D.A., Mercadier J., Boiron M.C., Cuney M., Cathelineau M. (2011). An evaporated seawater origin for the ore-forming brines in unconformity-related uranium deposits (Athabasca Basin, Canada): Cl/Br and δ37Cl study of fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 2792-2810, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.026.

[3] Richard A., Pettke T., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Mercadier J., Cuney M., Derome D. (2010). Brine-rock interaction in the Athabasca basement (McArthur River U deposit, Canada): Consequences for fluid chemistry and uranium uptake. Terra Nova 22, 303-308, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00947.x.

[2] Boiron M.C, Cathelineau M., Richard A. (2010). Fluid flows and metal deposition near basement / cover unconformity: Lessons and analogies from Pb-Zn-F-Ba systems for the understanding of Proterozoic U deposits. Geofluids 10, 270-292, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00289.x.

[1] Mercadier J., Richard A., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M., Cuney M. (2010). Migration of brines in the basement rocks of the Athabasca Basin through microfracture networks (P-Patch U deposit, Canada). Lithos 115, 121-136, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.11.010.

Communications à congrès

[53] Strydom J., Eggenkamp H., Sterpenich J., Agrinier J.P., Richard A., Grgic D., Gaire P., Mosser-Ruck R. Gaucher E. Cl/Br and δ37Cl evolution in seawater expelled during the compaction of MX-80 smectite. Water-Rock Interaction 16, Tomsk (poster).

[52] Gigon J. Mercadier J., Richard A., Annesley I.R., Wygralak A.S., Skirrow R.G., Kendrick, M.A., Mernagh T.P. Comparaison entre les gisements d'uranium de l'Alligator River Uranium Field et ceux de Westmoreland (Northern Territory et Queensland, Australie). Journées Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[51] Gigon J., Deloule E., Mercadier J., Richard A., Skirrow R.G., Wygralak A.S., Huston D., Annesley I.R. Sources du plomb et des fluides dans le gisement géant de Pb-Zn de HYC (bassin de McArthur, Australie). RST, Lille (oral).

[50] Richard A., Morlot C., Créon L., Beaudoin N., Dyja-Person V., Giuliani G., Pignatelli I., Legros H., Sterpenich J., Pironon J. (2018). Advances in 3D imaging and volumetric reconstruction of fluid and melt inclusions by high resolution X-ray computed tomography. RST, Lille (oral, invité).

[49] Gigon J., Richard A., Mercadier J., Annesley I.R., Skirrow R.G., Wygralak A.S., Kendrick M.A. Nouvelles données sur les minéralisations en U, Pb et Zn dans le bassin de McArthur (Australie). Ecole Thématique CNRS-INSU, Ressources minérales: cycle géochimique des métaux, Nancy (oral).

[48] Gigon J., Mercadier J., Richard A., Annesley I.R., Mernagh T.P., Wygralak A.S., Skirrow R.G. (2018). Comparison between the uranium deposits in the Alligator River Uranium Field and the Westmoreland area (Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia). International Symposium on Uranium Raw Material for the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Vienna (oral).

[47] Gigon J., Richard A., Mercadier J., Annesley I.R., Josselin T., Mernagh T.P., Wygralak A.S., Skirrow R.G. (2018). Ore-forming events and processes in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin (Northern Territory, Australia). SEG-PDAC student mineral colloquium, Toronto (poster).

[46] Gigon J., Richard A., Mercadier J., Annesley I.R., Josselin T., Mernagh T.P., Wygralak A.S., Skirrow R.G. (2017). An overview of fluid inclusion studies of U, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin (Northern Territory, Australia). Geoscience Australia Basin-Hosted Mineral Systems Workshop, Perth (poster).

[45] Harlaux M., Mercadier J., Borovinskaya O., Richard A. (2017). LA-TOF-ICPMS: a promising instrument for multi-elementary analysis of fluid inclusions. ECROFI 2017, Nancy (oral).

[44] Gigon J., Richard A., Mercadier J., Annesley I.R., Josselin T., Mernagh T.P., Wygralak A.S., Skirrow R.G. (2017). An overview of fluid inclusion studies of U, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin (Northern Territory, Australia). ECROFI 2017, Nancy (poster).

[43] Legros H., Richard A., Mercadier J., Tarantola A., Kouzmanov K., Vennemann T., Bailly L., Marignac C., Charles N., Wang R.C., Cuney M., Lespinasse, M.Y. (2017). Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids in the Maoping and Piaotang W-Sn deposits (Jiangxi, China). ECROFI 2017, Nancy (oral).

[42] Richard A., Banks D.A., Hendriksson N., Lahaye Y. (2017). Lithium isotopes in fluid inclusions as tracers of crustal fluids: An exploratory study. ECROFI 2017, Nancy (poster).

[41] Richard A., Morlot C., Pentelei S., Giuliani G., Dyja-Person V., Pignatelli I., Beaudoin N., Legros H., Sterpenich J., Pironon J. (2017). Advances in 3D imaging and volumetric reconstruction of fluid inclusions in natural and synthetic minerals by high resolution X-ray computed tomography. ECROFI 2017, Nancy (poster).

[40] Legros H., Richard A., Mercadier J., Tarantola A., Kouzmanov K., Vennemann T., Bailly L., Marignac C., Charles N., Wang R.C., Cuney M., Lespinasse, M.Y. (2017). Ore-forming fluids in the Maoping and Piaotang W-Sn deposits (Jiangxi, China). Goldschmidt Conference, Paris (oral).

[39] Richard A., Banks D.A., Hendriksson N., Lahaye Y. (2017). Lithium isotopes in fluid inclusions as tracers of crustal fluids. Goldschmidt Conference, Paris (oral).

[38] Legros H., Marignac C., Mercadier J., Cuney M., Richard A., Wang R.C., Charles N., Lespinasse M.Y. (2016). Insights on hydrothermal fluids from Li-mica compositions (Maoping W-Sn deposit, Jiangxi, China). Goldschmidt Conference, Yokohama (oral).

[37] Annesley I.R., Mercadier J., Cuney M., Richard A. (2016). Is a fertile basement complex a necessary prerequisite to the genesis of high-grade U/C-type uranium deposits: source rock clues from the Eastern Athabasca Basin? Journées Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[36] Richard A. (2016). Radiolytic (H2, O2) and other trace gases (CO2, CH4, C2H6, N2) in fluid inclusions from unconformity-related U deposits. Water-Rock Interaction 15, évora (poster).

[35] Legros H., Marignac C., Richard A., Mercadier J., Cuney M., Charles N., Kouzmanov K., Tarantola A., Vennemann T., Wang R.C. Lespinasse M.Y. (2016). Insights on hydrothermal fluids from Li-mica compositions and fluid inclusions: case of the W-Sn Maoping and Piaotang deposits (Jiangxi, China). International Workshop: Recent advances in W-Sn and Rare Metal deposit metallogenesis, Nancy (oral).

[34] Mercadier J, Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Annesley I.R., Truche L., Cuney M. (2016). What's new about unconformity-related U deposits and what should be done to better understand them? Gordon Research Conference: Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits, Les Diablerets (poster).

[33] Richard A., Konnunaho J., Nykanen V., Coltat R., Wadier P. (2016). Trace element composition of Fe-oxides from Cu-Fe mineralization in the Paleoproterozoic Lätäseno Schist Belt, Finnish Lapland. Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Helsinki (poster).

[32] Vasilopoulos M., Lefèbvre M., Molnár F., Richard A., André-Mayer A.S. (2016). Hydrothermal alteration and sources of fluids in the Juomasuo Au-Co deposit, Kuusamo Schist Belt, Finland. Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Helsinki (poster).

[31] Legros H., Mercadier J., Richard A., Cuney M., Marignac C. (2015) hydrothermal activity related to W-Sn mineralization in the Maoping deposit (Jiangxi, China). Proceedings of the 13th SGA meeting, Nancy (poster).

[30] Legros H., Marignac C., Mercadier J., Richard A., Cuney M. (2014) Activité hydrothermale et minéralisations à W-Sn péri-granitiques : cas du gisement de Maoping (Jiangxi, Chine). RST – 5ème Colloque De Launay, Pau (oral).

[29] Richard A., Tarantola, A. (2014). Compositions isotopiques des fluides minéralisateurs: stratégies analytiques et applications. Ecole Thématique CNRS-INSU, Ressources minérales: la vision du géologue, Rennes (oral, invité).

[28] Mercadier J., Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Boulvais P., Cuney M. (2014). Mg-metasomatism caused by the circulations of evaporated seawater at the origin of the alteration halo in the unconformity-related U deposits. GAC-MAC, Fredericton, (poster).

[27] Mercadier J., Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Annesley I.R., Cuney M. (2014). From sources to deposits: Recent advances about the unconformity-related U deposits. URAM, Vienna (oral).

[26] Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M., Mercadier J., Rozsypal C., Cauzid J., Banks D.A., Boulvais P., Kendrick M.A., Pettke T. (2013). Unconformity-related U deposits: Recent advances from fluid inclusions and their host minerals. GSA biennial meeting, Uppsala (oral).

[25] Mercadier J., Boiron M.C., Richard A., Lach P., Leisen M., Dubessy J., Cathelineau M., Cuney M. (2013). Potentialités du LA-ICP-MS pour la détermination des éléments traces des minéraux et inclusions fluides: apports pour la métallogénie de l'uranium. Journées Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[24] Cathelineau M., Mercadier J., Boiron M.C., Richard A., Cuney M. (2013). Métasomatisme magnésien et formation des minéralisations uranifères à la discordance socle-couverture. Journées Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[23] Mercadier J., Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M. (2013). Des sources aux gisements: avancées récentes sur les saumures minéralisatrices des gisements d’uranium de type discordance du bassin d’Athabasca (Saskatchewan, Canada). Ecole Thématique CNRS-INSU, Ressources minérales: Défis scientifiques et sociétaux, Genève (poster).

[22] Richard A., Cauzid J., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Mercadier J., Cuney M. (2012). Synchotron-XRF and XANES investigation of fluid inclusions from unconformity-related uranium deposits. Geofluids, Rueil-Malmaison, (oral, keynote).

[21] Richard A., Kendrick M.A., Cathelineau M. (2012) The origin of mineralising brines in unconformity-related U deposits: Insights from noble gases and halogens in fluid inclusions. Goldschmidt Conference, Montréal (poster).

[20] Mercadier J., Cuney M., Lach P., Boiron M.C., Bonhoure J., Richard A., Leisen M., Kister P. (2012). Rare Earth Elements in uranium oxides: Their origin and implication for exploration. Goldschmidt Conference, Montréal (oral).

[19] Richard A., Kendrick M.A., Cathelineau M., Cuney M. (2012). Tracer la source des fluides minéralisateurs dans le bassin de l´Athabasca: Composition en halogènes et gaz rares des inclusions fluides. Journées Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[18] Mercadier J., Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M. (2012). From sources to deposits: Recent advances on the U-mineralizing brines in the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada). GAC-MAC, St. John´s (oral).

[17] Richard A., Montel J.M., Peiffert C., Cathelineau M., Cuney M. (2011). Altération expérimentale de monazite naturelle dans les conditions de formation des gisements d’uranium d’Oklo et de type discordance. Géologie et Chimie de l´Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[16] Cathelineau M., Richard A., Mercadier J., Boiron M.C., Cuney M. (2011). Les gisements d’U sous discordance: analogies avec les gisements F-Ba-Pb-Zn(Ag) de type « basin - hosted »? Géologie et Chimie de l´Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[15] Richard A., Rozsypal C., Mercadier J., Banks D.A., Cuney M., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M. (2011). Conditions for uranium transport in unconformity-related U deposits. Goldschmidt Conference, Prague (oral).

[14] Mercadier J., Richard A. (2011). De la source au gisement: les gisements d’uranium mésoprotérozoïques de la province d’Athabasca (Canada). Ecole Thématique CNRS- INSU, Ressources minérales: Nouvelles frontières, Orléans (oral, invité).

[13] Richard A., Rozsypal C., Mercadier J., Banks D.A., Cuney M., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M. (2010). Les concentrations en uranium dans les fluides minéralisateurs du bassin de l’Athabasca: approche analytique et expérimentale. Uranium, Géologie, Géophysique, Chimie, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[12] Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M., Banks D.A., Boulvais P., France-Lanord C., Pettke T. (2009). Origin of U-mineralizing brines in the Athabasca Basin, Canada, Goldschmidt Conference, Davos (poster).

[11] Richard A., Cathelineau M., Cuney M., Boiron M.C., Derome D., Fabre C. (2009). Timing, chemistry, and implication of fluids in Canadian and Australian unconformity-related uranium deposits. IAGS, Fredericton (oral).

[10] Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Cuney M., Mercadier J., Milesi J.P. (2009). Origine et composition des fluides minéralisateurs dans le Bassin de l'Athabasca, Canada. Géochimie et géologie de l’uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[9] Mercadier J., Cathelineau M., Richard A., Boiron M.C., Cuney M. (2009). Migrations de saumures dans le socle du bassin de l’Athabasca, altération et échanges fluide-roche associés. Géochimie et Géologie de l’Uranium, Réunion de la Société Géologique de France, Orsay (oral).

[8] Cuney M., Richard A., Cathelineau M., Boiron M.C., Derome D., Fabre, C. (2009). Physical and chemical characteristics and of the fluids involved in the genesis of unconformity-related uranium deposits and the dynamic of their circulation. Geofluids, Adélaïde (oral).

[7] González-Sánchez F., Camprubí A., González-Partida E., Canet C., Richard A., Atudorei V., Boiron M.C. (2009). Structure and stratigraphy of the Sabinas Basin and the role of sedimentary brines in the formation of MVT deposits in Northeastern Mexico. Geofluids, Adélaïde (oral).

[6] Richard A., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M., Derome D., Pettke T., Banks D.A., Mercadier J., Cuney M. (2008). U concentrations in ore fluids: A LA-ICP-MS investigation of fluids associated with unconformity-related uranium deposits. GAC-MAC, Québec (oral).

[5] Mercadier J., Cuney M., Richard A. (2008). Alterations and element transfer in the Athabasca Basin basement, Canada: Implications for the formation of unconformity-type uranium ore. Example of the Eagle Point granite porphyry. GAC-MAC, Québec (oral).

[4] Richard A., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M., Derome D., Pettke T., Banks D.A, Mercadier J., Cuney M. (2008). Détermination des concentrations en uranium dans les fluides minéralisateurs par Ablation Laser couplée à l’ICP-MS sur inclusions fluides individuelles: le cas des gisements d’uranium de type discordance. RST –  3ème Colloque De Launay, Nancy (oral).

[3] Mercadier J., Cuney M., Richard A. (2008). Altérations et mobilités élémentaires dans le socle du bassin de l’Athabasca, Canada: Implications pour la formation des gisements d’uranium de type discordance. Exemple des porphyres du gisement d’Eagle Point, Est Athabasca. RST – 3ème Journées De Launay, Nancy (oral).

[2] Richard A., Boiron M.C., Cathelineau M., Boulvais P., Banks D.A., Mercadier J., Cuney M. (2007). Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for percolation of basinal brines in the Athabasca Basement around the Rabbit Lake, Eagle Point, P-Patch and Millennium unconformity-related uranium deposits, Canada. ECROFI XIX, Bern (oral).

[1] Cathelineau M., Cuney M., Boiron M.C., Derome D., Fabre C., Richard A., Banks D.A. (2007). Fluid mixing and uranium deposition in unconformity type deposits (Saskatchewan, Canada, Northern Territory, Australia). SGA, Dublin (oral).